The Role of HR in Future Business practices Essay Example

The Role of HR in Future Business practices Essay The rise of Human Resource management and development in the growing corporate structure provides a structural mindset for businesses to create more job opportunities as well as a well-organized managerial structure in order to maximize efficiency, and professionalism, competence and at the same time maintain job satisfaction for all employees. The role of human resources at the workplace is to provide maximum input and output for all employees; in other words, to make the best out of manpower skill. The human resource director or manager position can be considered a target in the HR career, yet it is equal with all human resource positions in terms of responsibility. The director manages every aspect of human resources and monitors different sectors or areas of management field (e.g. compensation and benefits, recruitment, training and development, etc.). It is the responsibility of the director to see all work performances up to date, including his or her own responsibilities, and to meet the ascribed job requirements. It is also his or her responsibility to monitor the performance of different managers heading different HR departments to maintain discipline and cohesion in the workplace. Apart from the technical responsibilities, the director is also responsible for morale and well-being of all employees in the workplace, culminating in political, social, and personal problems, issues, and concerns. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of HR in Future Business practices specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of HR in Future Business practices specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of HR in Future Business practices specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Every human resource career is a definite field to pursue, for it provides responsibility. This responsibility forms the nature of the employee, reinforcing the mindset that every position in the workplace is important as it contributes to the overall vision and mission of the company. In addition, the role of managers or directors entails the burden of decision and commands, for leaders are not only responsible for his or her own action but also the employees who work with them. Thus, a worthwhile pursuit for any career is the reinforcement of personal discipline and professionalism not only for the company, but also for the self.

DVD vs. VCR essays

DVD vs. VCR essays With the introduction of the DVD player some people have all but forgotten about the VCR. These two home entertainment components have very clear differences. I think as old as the VCR is it should not be counted out as an excellent source for home entertainment. First off, lets look at the cost between the two entertainment systems. While the cost of some hi-fi VCRs with many features can rise to nearly $500, a reasonable VCR of good quality can be purchased for under $100. Movies can be purchased for fifteen to twenty-five dollars each, and are available for rent for reasonable prices, usually less than three dollars each. Maintenance is usually minimal on the machines, costing no more than the price of a video head cleaner, which sells for around ten dollars. On the other hand, a quality DVD player will be retailed some where around the $200 mark. DVDs themselves will cost only slightly more at about $20 to $30. Also the maintenance on DVD is limited to keeping the disc free of dust and debris. Keep in mind that those prices are the low-end devices that still possess all of the necessary functions; a person could easily spend $500-$600 on either system if they so choose to. A second consideration of consumers when choosing between VCR and DVD should be the video and audio quality. While the visuals and audio of a VCR and VHS tape are more than acceptable, they are simply inadequate when compared to the highly advanced video and audio quality of the DVD. Various technical factors can alter the quality of both picture and sound in both of these systems, making picture and audio quality a major consideration when shopping for home entertainment components. A final consideration that consumers should give special attention is the accessibility of the systems. In todays growing entertainment market, the difficulty in accessing video and DVD movies can play a large part in the decision of which co ...

Why does globalisation generate winners and losers Essay

Why does globalisation generate winners and losers - Essay Example Against this background, this essay seeks to critically analyse the extent to which globalisation can be said to be causing more harm than good to the other countries. The essay starts by defining the concept and goes on to analyse the factors that make globalisation unfavorable to the other countries. Basically, globalisation can be defined as the economic activity taking place across the national boundaries (Buckman 2004). Globalisation is a result of internationalisation of financial markets which aims to promote free trade as well as direct investment among member states across the world.  The advent of globalisation has resulted in the liberalisation of trade where the geographical barriers that used to block this kind of trade have been removed. This has resulted in people from different geographical regions becoming more connected. There are key players that drive globalisation and these include the multinational corporations, World Trade Organisation (WTO), World Bank and t he International Monetary Fund (IMF) (Rodrick 2001). Governments in different countries also play a pivotal role with regards to the concept of globalisation as they are the overall authority which would be responsible for regulation of the operations of the multinational companies. The WTO also plays a pivotal role in that it facilitates the platform through which international trade agreements are negotiated and enforced among member states. On the other hand, the World Bank and the IMF are major actors in that they provide with the needed financial assistance in the form of loans as well as technical assistance to the governments or multinational corporations that wish to invest in other different countries. However, whilst the concept of globalisation is noble in that it liberalised trade among nations, it can be noted that it is not the case the rich and powerful nations are in most cases on top of the situation where they are the ones who are seen carrying investment to lesser developed countries. This emanates from the view that the large financial institutions that should sponsor the activities of globalisation such as World Bank and IMF are controlled by the powerful and developed western nations. These developed nations have all the financial assistance they need at their disposal and they are the ones seen investing in poor and less developed countries whereas the less developed countries are not able to invest in developed countries. Thus, the flow of the wealth is often seen as one sided and there is no equality in terms of sharing of the wealth (Bond 2002). The wealth is seen flowing from poor countries back to the developed countries hence these nations will be winners while the poor countries will be losers. The developed countries aim at extracting wealth especially in rich mineral resources areas while the local people of the host country will have little to show for the investment carried out at their door step by the foreigners. The investo rs often get a huge chunk of the revenue generated from the investment carried in other countries. The local people are losers in this case as they suffer the fate of being used as cheap labour whereby they will be given very little pay that does not correspond with the amount of work they will be doing. Globalisation has often been criticized for the unfair redistribution of wealth that has been obtained in poor countries. The less developed countries in most cases do not have equal powers compared to their counterparts from the developed nations. For example, many African countries are very rich in terms of the natural resources they possess but unfortunately, most of these countries are very poor and are dependent on aid from the rich nations. Instead of

Ad Appeal Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ad Appeal Analysis - Essay Example In this advertisement, Guess uses the appeal to sex because they want to create an impression that wearing their jeans is sexy. This appeal is also selected for this advertisement to give a clear idea their target markets are the adults. Wearing Guess can also be a symbol of sexy lifestyle. Guess makes jeans for male and female adults who want to feel sexy while wearing this brand of jeans. I think using this appeal can be effective only to those people who want to have sexy image. It can also be effective because it catches the attention of men and women. However, there are also some rational ones who might not find this advertisement convincing at all because the only benefit that they can see is the feeling of sexiness.Appeal to fear is commonly used by marketers in advertisements on health, hygiene, and home security. Usually, it communicates its message indirectly. Just like the advertisement below, it is about taking care of one's heart. It doesn't show the audience what really is happening with their hearts. Instead, it used a scary scene and a line that would make one think. By looking at the picture, I would say that the ad's target markets are those people busy with their work or others who are busy with satisfying their lifestyle that they forget to have their heart checked-up. Appeal to fear is used in this kind of ad because people are afraid to die. Since it is about health, this appeal could make its target segment act immediately. I think the use of appeal to fear is the most effective when it comes to this kind of messages. Heart problems are serious matters that are commonly taken for granted. This kind of ad will serve as a wake up call to the target market. Top of Form Humor Pepsi always comes up with bright ideas on their advertisement. The image below is a very humorous advertisement of Pepsi. It shows that even the straw chooses what soda to sip. Pepsi uses the humor appeal to make retention in consumers' minds. If the audience will see this kind of advertisement, they will take a moment to laugh or smile about it. It just means that it got their attention and it can easily be remembered. This advertisement does not show any particular target segment. I think this kind of appeal is not quite effective. It can be remembered by the consumers but it does not mean that they are convinced to buy this product. Rational The image below is an advertisement of L'oreal that uses rational appeal. If you can take a closer look at the picture, you can read at the right side the enumerated benefits of using this product. One cannot get the message of this advertisement by just looking at the picture. You should take time to read the texts included in the advertisement. Hair issue is quite scientific. That is why rational appeal is used in this kind of advertisement. No one will believe the reliability of the product until they know the chemical ingredients of it. L'oreal used this kind of appeal to clearly tell the consumers what they can benefit from this product and to explain why this product will really work. The target segments of this advertisement are the women who want to have beautiful and healthy-looking hair. I think this advertisement is quite effective because it can tell the market what it really wants to say. It can also be effective in convincing people because of the benefits and scientif ic information laid out in the ad. However, some people are too lazy to read and will just look at the image. References Guess, Inc. (2008). Guess: Advertising. Retrieved November 24 2008 from http://www.guess.com/Advertising.aspx

Unemployment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Unemployment - Coursework Example Unemployment This denotes that comparisons may end up misleading and giving inaccurate count, as well as a count that does not mirror the actual count (Office for National Statistics 2013) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). This misrepresentation of data could be the reason why the Claimant count emerged with a 1 million count of unemployed persons less than what the ILO Count got (Turner 2012) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). The reason why the ILO Count was more than that of the Claimant count is because the ILO count measure takes into account all persons with no jobs unlike the Claimant count measure, which does not take into account persons who are unqualified for benefits (Turner 2012), (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2008) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). In other words, the Claimant Count measure does not include in their measures persons who have a significant other being paid beyond the benefits level for the family, students employed for part-time jobs, persons un der the age of eighteen and reluctant to go in for a youth-training centre as well as persons who have departed their profession voluntarily. The ILO count measure obtains the real actual count of unemployed persons because it collects the actual facts of unemployed persons. It gives the actual number of all unemployed persons who wish to get jobs but are not qualified for benefits unlike the Claimant count measure. Additionally, ILO count measure collects data that is current unlike Claimant count measure that depends on administrative records that may be out of date, incorrect and misrepresented (Office for National Statistics 2013) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006) as well as (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2008). ... Additionally, ILO count measure collects data that is current unlike Claimant count measure that depends on administrative records that may be out of date, incorrect and misrepresented (Office for National Statistics 2013) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006) as well as (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2008). However, the ILO count may not be able to cover all the necessary facts in its surveys during data collection because people may not provide accurate facts. For the two measures, namely; ILO count measure and Claimant count measure, ILO count measure is likely to be inaccurate because it relies on people to answer queries accurately and truthfully, which may not be the case (Turner 2012) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). People do not always tell the truth especially when it comes to personal information such as their employment status (Turner 2012) and (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2008). Likewise, the Claimant count measure is likely to be inaccu rate as well because it depends on administrative records to calculate its count for unemployed persons (Turner 2012) and (Office for National Statistics 2013). The reason why this may result in inaccurate number of unemployed persons is because most of these administrative records could be misrepresented, incorrect, falsified or altered over time, thereby giving inaccurate information at the of the day (Office for National Statistics 2013) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). The fact that there are numerous vacancies, yet the rate of unemployment is still high in UK, can be explored with respect to available human skills, lack of knowhow, lack of fresh recruits to replace the retired ones as well as the forcing of young persons by their parents

History Of Optic Fiber Usage Information Technology Essay

History Of Optic Fiber Usage Information Technology Essay The idea of fiber optics communication system is basically sending information through light. Optical fiber was first developed in 1970 as a basic communication purpose with a very low attenuation as transmitting light through fiber optics cable for long distance communication. In 1975, the first commercial fiber optics communication system was developed using semiconductor laser and operated at 0.8 Â µm wavelength and a bit-rate of 45 Mbps (Mega bits per second) up to 10 km (Elion Elion 1978) (Sullivan Curt 2003). In long beach California was the first live telephone traffic sent at about 6 Mbps and it was in 1977. After that, generations of fiber optics system technologies were developed, improved, and upgraded to achieve the first transatlantic operation in 1988. All fiber optics systems are limited by something called dispersion. The initial thought of fiber optics was an experiment involving a bucket of water and sunlight. It demonstrated the suns reflection within the bucket with a hole and water pouring out illuminating the water and the sunlight can be seen in the stream of water (Elion Elion 1978). Then it moved on to optical voice transmission known as photo phone. Further, it went to fiberscope that was used to inspect welds within reactor vessels, combustion chambers of the jet engines, and then to the medical field utilized in laparoscopic surgery. Researches and improvements continued through the fiber optics generations to overcome the dispersion phenomena by using dispersion-shifted fibers to minimize the dispersion at 1.55 Â µm or by limiting the laser spectrum to a single longitudinal mode (Alwayn 2004) (Sullivan Curt 2003). The idea of using fiber optical amplification came with the development of the fifth generation. The amplification development reduced the need of using repeaters and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM); which will be described in details later; and increases the data capacity. By these developments, a bit rate of 10 Tb/s was achieved in 2001. The developments of fiber optics generations are a continuous operation to especially for the huge market of the internet communications which requires an increase in communications bandwidth such as video on demand. These growing in using internet protocol data traffic are increasing side by side with faster rate integrated systems complexity. (Elion Elion 1978) Fiber optics manufacturers had reduced the cost by the huge request of communication companies such as ATT to take the advantage of delivering the technology of internet and telephone through higher data broadband services to customers homes (Sullivan Curt 2003) (Snell 1996). Fiber optics is already being used nowadays in military and commercial aircraft, and some of the areas it altogether replaced the Digital Flight Data Recorder with the newer Distributed Flight Data Acquisition Unit that performs the same thing but evaluates much more information. Indeed, future aircrafts will see fiber optics technology in the flight controls. Fiber optics has evolved practically from ideas to a thing of the future (Alwayn 2004) (Elion Elion 1978). Fiber optics Application The demand and usage of optical fiber has grown rapidly and optical fiber applications are numerous. Ranging from global networks to desktop workstation, telecommunication applications are widespread. These involve the transmission of data, voice, or video across distances of less than a meter to thousands of kilometers by utilizing one of a few standard fiber designs within one of several cable designs. Optical fibers are used by carriers to carry plain old telephone service (POTS) over their nationwide networks. Furthermore, local exchange carriers (LECs) employ fiber to carry the same service across central office switches at local levels and often as far as the individual home (fiber to the home, FTTH) or neighborhood (Alwayn 2004) (Elion Elion 1978). Moreover, optical fiber has a widespread use in transmission of data. Multinational firms require reliable and secure systems for transferring data and financial information among buildings to the computers of desktop terminals and around the world. Fiber is also used by cable televising companies in order to deliver digital video and data services. Due to the high bandwidth offered by fiber, it is the ideal choice for transmitting broadband signals like the high-definition television telecasts. Furthermore, intelligent transportations systems including smart highways equipped with intelligent traffic signals, changeable message signs, and automated tollbooths, also utilize telemetry systems based on fiber-optics (Alwayn 2004) (Fiber-Optics.Info 2010). Biomedical industry is another significant application of optical fiber. Fiber-optic systems are used in almost all modern telemedicine systems and devices for transmission of digital diagnostic images. Additionally, other applications for optical fiber also include military, space, industrial and the automotive sector (Elion Elion 1978) (Snell 1996). Fiber optics communication technology is used by todays telecommunications companies such as ATT in the United States and BT in the UK. Also it is used by internet providers and cable television signal providers such as Sky. For the huge expense of fiber optics system, the technology was first used for long-distance communication only. But, now days developments of the cities infrastructure had to take place to install the fiber optics communication system regardless of the cost and time consuming. The challenge of fiber optics technology companies was reflected positively on the market and the cost of fiber optics communications dropped considerably (Alwayn 2004) (Elion Elion 1978) (Fiber-Optics.Info 2010). By the developments of optical amplification system, an intercontinental network of 250,000 km of submarine-communication-cable was developed with a capacity of about 2.5 Tb/s was achieved. Also, the optical communication system was installed onboard aircrafts for data, video, and radio signals communication. It was first introduced to aviation industry by NASA researches on military aircrafts such as the first F/A-18 hornet through its RTDP; radar tracking and detecting system processor, missile video tracing system, and with the FLIR system; forward looking infra red sensor, and the integrated radar system with increased speed and memory capacity. Military aircrafts are always in-need to reduce weight when it is in slick phase to improve its capability of maneuvering and delivering various types of ordnance in a very precise targeting and accurate guidance. Lately, this technology was used on the F-22 airforce raptor on its high speed data bus and fiber optics transceiver (Alwayn 2004). This idea was reflected on the civil aircrafts later on as they always in-need to reduce weight to overcome the fuel usage and deliver larger number of passengers which means saving mo ney and increasing profits. Besides that, the new avionics systems technology and complexity required new communication system other than the copper wires such as the normal ARINCs (Fiber-Optics.Info 2010). Boeing and Airbus developed very complex integrated systems that control the aircraft performance at an altitude of 30,000 ft and above which required bigger and more complicated communication systems which means: More chance of shorting the wires. More EMI (electro-magnetic-interference) which can cause a distortion for the signals More weight More chance of shorting and cause sparks and fire on-board and aircraft The first official usage of fiber optics technology usage was on-board the Boeing 777 after the development of its AIMS (Aircraft Information Management System) which have more than 2 million of computer codes. Also Boeing 777 was the first aircraft to install an optical LAN (local area network) for on-board data communication and on its cabin systems communications (Sullivan Curt 2003) (Snell 1996). After that, fiber optics system was installed on the Boeing 757 flown by Air Mexico who did not experience a single failure. So here comes the safety, reliability, durability and stability of signals communications on-board an aircraft which can make the affordability part negligible. We have to mention that the cost of optical fiber systems are dropping for the establishments and marketing competition of huge number of manufacturers and suppliers (Alwayn 2004) (Fiber-Optics.Info 2010). Fiber Optics vs. Electrical Copper Wires: Fundamentally, there are three types of transmission media: copper wires, waveguides and free space. Copper wire, such as coaxial cable is broadly used. A signal is transmitted across the wire in either digital or analog form to a receiver placed at the end of the wire. Free-space transmission is also widely used through which radio, television and other across-the-air signals are carried. Waveguides describe the fiber-optic transmission. Significantly, a waveguide such as a optical fiber restrains the electromagnetic radiation, light (Bidgoli 2010). Fiber optic transmission provides the best elements of both free-space and coaxial transmission. It is capable of carrying a signal from point A to point B in the absence of any limited electromagnetic spectrum. Nonetheless, it does not suffer from limited data rate and bandwidth is the same way as the coaxial cables do. The advantages of fiber optics system over the copper wires are: No Electro-Magnetic-Interference (EMI). No radio-Frequency-interference (EMF). Immunity from electromagnetic noise High Signal quality Lighter weight cables Longer distance capability (Bidgoli 2010) Smaller diameter cables which mean saving more space. Greater bandwidth for data transfer Safety against shorting and sparking High bandwidth and greater information capacity Easy upgrade: Can be upgraded easier without ripping and replacing cable harnesses. Easier maintenance and handling, proved by Boeing and Lockheed martin engineers Lower cost (Bidgoli 2010) Lower signal loss for long distance communication Higher resistance against stress, temperature and vibration and higher lightning strikes incidence. Doesnt require repeaters for long distance communication Can operate for up to 100 km without passive or active processing But, we have to say that copper wires have some specifications that fiber optics doesnt: Can carry electrical power beside the signals Lower material costs Doesnt have minimum bending radius Can easily be installed between boxes and chips (Bidgoli 2010) Cable technology is used for connecting networks together; however, as optical fiber technology is moving forward, it is gradually replacing copper wires as an excellent medium of communication signal transmission. The main reason for this is that fiber optics offers much more benefits than conventional copper wires and cables, as stated above (Sullivan Curt 2003). Moreover, these benefits can be elaborated as follows: Resistance to Interference: Fiber optics do not conduct electricity as it is obtained from glass, which eliminates activities like grounding and makes it potentially immune to electromagnetic interruption. Working of Fiber optics, unlike copper cables, is based on light pulses that make it usable outdoors and in close proximity to electrical cables (Bidgoli 2010). Low Maintenance: This entails that optical fiber is not sensitive to elements like water and chemicals because it is produced from glass. Additionally, Fiber optics cannot be damaged by harsh elements. This makes the overall cost of maintenance and service lesser than its counterpart. Efficiency and Security: Information can be transmitted with greater fidelity with the help of fiber optics unlimited bandwidth. It can offer nearly 1,000 times as much bandwidth across distances approximately 100 times farther than copper cables. This provides a super-fast connection running in circles around the bandwidth assigned by cable connections. Moreover, since fiber optics is harder to tap than regular copper wires, it can offer additional data security (Bidgoli 2010). Picture Quality: In comparison to copper wires, the high quality technology embedded in fiber optics is much more powerful. One can obtain high-definition picture quality from fiber technology as there is no external interference. Safety: Fiber optics poses no threat of physical injuries during breakage of fiber optic cables. Instead of transmitting through electricity, it transmits data via light. Users face no risk of injury from dangers such as sparking, electrocution, fire, etc. (Bidgoli 2010). Interestingly, the benefits of converting into fiber technology such as Ethernet converters show proven advantages, considering that internet infrastructure is steadily making this transition rather than conventional copper cabling. Furthermore, applications of fiber optic include manufacturing and process control, supervisory control as well as data acquisition. Using transceiver modules provide a cutting edge and most importantly the highest quality data transmission for users television, home phone and internet (Sullivan Curt 2003). Basic components of fiber optics system: It is consisted of: Core: it is basically a cylinder of glass or plastic material. Cladding: a layer causing the light signal to be confined to the core by using the total internal reflection method. Buffer: a layer used to capsulate one or more core and cladding providing mechanical isolation and a protection from physical damage. Jacket: a further isolation and protection. Characteristics The major characteristics of optical fiber transmission lines are: Attenuation and its variation with transmission input wavelength, cable temperature and modal distribution. Radiation: and its variation with fiber temperature and bend radius Distortion and its variation with bandwidth, amplitudes, wavelength and modal distribution of the input light, length of the fiber, and lastly, environmental temperature (Snell 1996) Physical Parameters: This includes weight, size, ease of installation, total volume, coupling and splicing. Environmental parameters: This includes resistance to stress, water and chemical corrosion, temperatures and mechanical stresses (Alwayn 2004). Types: single mode and multi-mode fibers. A single-mode optical fiber Multi-mode optical fiber There are two categories of optical fibers, namely, single-mode fiber optical cable and multi-mode fiber optic cable. In essence, these types of fiber optic cables are comprised of numerous layers of glass, each having refractive index lower than the one next to moving from the center outwards. Since light is faster in lower glass refractive index, the wavelengths of light are broken outside the fiber, capable of traveling to the middle (Snell 1996). Multi-mode Fiber Optic Cable: Optical fiber with a base diameter greater than 10 microns can be analyzed through geometrical optics, and is called a multi-mode fiber. In this type of optic cable, the rays of light along the core of the fiber are led by total reflection. Moreover, rays meeting the core-mantle border at a high angle over the critical angle for this limit are fully considered. The critical angle is said to be the difference in refractive index between the mantle and core materials. Rays hitting the border at a shallow angle form the base breaks into the mantle and does not transmit the light and information along the fiber. Moreover, the acceptance of the fiber is determined by the critical angle, and is often referred to as a numerical aperture (Snell 1996). A greater numerical aperture allows light to spread into two distinct beams at different angles near the axis, for the effective coupling of light into the fiber. Single-mode Fiber Optic Fiber Fiber core diameter of nearly ten times the wavelength of light propagation is impossible to model with geometric optics. Rather, they can be studied as an electromagnetic structure by solving Maxwells equations that are reduced to the electromagnetic wave equation. It acts as an optical waveguide and supports one or more confined transverse modes which allows light to propagate through the fiber. Fiber that supports only one mode is known as mono-mode or single mode fiber. It is an extremely focused source of light which limits beams to a smaller range or angles closed to the horizontal. A fiber optic data cable has three primary functions. It converts an electrical input signal into an optical signal, transmit the optical signal across an optical fiber, and lastly, convert the optical signal back to an electrical signal (Green 2006). Transmitter: It is a semiconductor device and can be an LED (light emitting diode) or a laser diode. It converts the electrical input signal into an optical signal, and its drive circuit changes the current flow across the light source, which in turn changes the irradiance of the source. This process of changing the irradiance of the source as a function of time is known as modulation. Receiver: It is a photo-detector and the main component of the receiver which converts light signals into electrical using the photoelectric effects method. It is basically a semiconductor-based photodiode. Amplifier: it is used instead of the complex repeaters. It amplifies the light and optical signals without converting it to electrical. Fiber-optic telecommunication systems operate on pulse-code modulation in which information is sent across as a series of pulses. Moreover, the digital pulse-code modulation is coupled into a fiber and the fiber end set up by a connector in order to maximize the input power. In fiber-optic communication systems, semi-conductor lasers are best suited. Their shape and size enables efficient coupling of light within the small-diameter core of an optical fiber (Sullivan Curt 2003). The fiber then carries the light towards the receiver which detects the light and recovers the digital signal. As scattering, dispersion and absorption in the fiber degrade the signal, optical amplifiers must be used to regenerate the signal (Snell 1996). The U.S. military quickly turned towards fiber optics for enhanced and improved communications as well as tactical systems. During the early 1970s, a fiber optic telephone link was installed by the U.S. Navy aboard the U.S.S. Little Rock. Toward that end, The Air Force developed its Airborne Light Optical Fiber Technology (ALOFT) program in 1976. Greatly motivated by the success of these practical applications, military R D programs developed stronger fibers, ruggedized, high-performance components, tactical cables, and several demonstration systems that ranged from aircraft to undersea applications. Soon after, commercial application followed that included both ATT and GTE installing fiber optic telephone systems in 1997 in Chicago and Boston respectively (Green 2006) (Keller 2010). Therefore, these successful applications resulted in the increase of fiber optic telephone networks. In the early 1980s, single-mode fiber running in the 1310 nm and then in 1550 nm wavelength ranges we re installed for these networks. Earlier, information networks, computers and data communications were far slower to employ fiber; however, today they are embracing the transmission system that has lighter weight cable, carries more data faster and across long distances, and resists lightning strikes (Elion Elion 1978) (Snell 1996). An average aircraft consists of over hundred miles of electrical wires and controls almost everything from landing gear to calls from flight-attendants. These insulated copper wires have proven to be a big bottleneck: it is heavy in weight, vulnerable to electromagnetic interference and if not accurately maintained, can cause system failures or fires. Some of these wires can be replaced with fiber-optic technology that is lighter than copper wire, immune to electrical shocks, and less sensitive to electromagnetic interference (Green 2006). Researchers have developed a new optical switch to be incorporated into the cockpit controls in order to manage operations that involve turning on and off, for instance, displays, landing gear, manual switching between fuel tanks, etc. Presently, on-off switches in a cockpit are connected to separate wires spread throughout a plane, controlling several functions. In case a switch fails to work due to wiring problems at the inside of the plane, dete cting the offending line can consume a lot of time and effort, since the wires are usually bundled together. Therefore, this switch is capable of sensing whether a button has been pressed fro off to on (Keller 2010). Then, the information from the fiber-based device can be directed toward a main fiber artery that carries hundreds of signals simultaneously. Through this, the bulk of wires, and cost is eliminated, and maintenance is simplified. Although engineers have been working to replace aircraft wiring with fiber for several years, unfortunately, they have had only moderate success. Built in mid-1990s, Boeings 777 uses a fiber-optic communication network, but the design and implementation being a part of an experiment. Moreover, the network was not a critical system and it was over-designed with more possibility of error than greater cost-effectiveness if in case it was broadly implemented in the industry. Nevertheless, Boeings 787 aircrafts, is equipped with a more cost-effectiv e optical fiber communication network (Green 2006) (Keller 2010) (Sullivan Curt 2003). ARINC 429 The first major variation in avionics databusing on military as well as commercial aircraft came during 1970s and 1980s. It was deployed as a 100 kilobit-per-second ARINC 429 databus which is a multiplex databus standard of ARNIC Inc. The databus is omnipresent on commercial airliners and is one of the most common avionics equipment used in flying today. The ARNIC 429 is equipped by all commercial aircrafts for legacy connections and for securing backup for flight critical controls. The ARNIC 429, apart from being the de-facto standard, is used on aircrafts for digital electronics, navigation and air data computers, engine control systems, and radios which are fully computerized and need to interact with each other. Furthermore, ARINC 429 is greatly responsible for setting up the digital era in commercial and military avionics. However, it is a comparatively slow twisted-pair databus and unidirectional like 1553. Only one terminal on the bus can broadcast and as much as 20 terminals can listen (Keller 2010). The ARINC 429 represents a tightly legalized architecture equipped with standard ARINC connectors. Before the introduction of ARINC 429, avionics designers utilized hard-wired point-to-point connectors with analog signals suitable for every sensor type, like the navigation gyros. Many sensors had multiple wires and multiple signals. In typical applications deployed on todays jetliners, systems designers extensively utilize ARINC 429 in order to connect avionic subsystem boxes and components digitally. One master subsystem on the bus sends information to at least 20 slave subsystems, but the slaves are unable to send information back to the master. Therefore, to enable a slave subsystem to transmit data back to the master, another ARINC 429 bus is used with its direction reversed, thereby enabling the original slave to send and the original master to listen. More frequently, designers make use of two ARINC 429 buses, amounting to point-to-point bi-directiona l interconnections between avionics subsystems: one bus transmitting in one direction, and another bus transmitting in the reverse direction (Green 2006) (Keller 2010). One such example includes jetliners flight-management computer that accepts and processes inbound signals from several different sensors and other subsystems, and estimates the paths taken by flights, their time of arrival, fuel burn, etc. In this approach, ARINC 429 busses send information from the sensors and allow the flight-management computer to listen to that data. Whenever the flight-management computer needs to transmit information tack to a particular sensor, designers employ another 429 bus that runs in the opposite direction. Regardless of its low speed, the digital ARINC 429 databus aids in increasing the efficiency, speed, and facilitates maintenance since it can move several digital data packages across the same twisted pair, where analog approaches required a different wire for each signal (Keller 2010). The digital ARINC 429 bus allows for multiplexing of the information on two wires. Since it is capable of sending data across only in one direction, it is greatly reli able due to its lower possibility of data corruption or data conflicts. Furthermore, this reliability of the databus makes it usable and well-known for flight-critical data involving avionics activities such as flight navigation and engine control (Keller 2010). The sheer size of ARINC 429 installed base drives its popularity; it is included in almost every commercial jetliner recently manufactured. ARINC 429 has limited addressing capacity and limited bandwidth; still it is proved as a highly robust physical bus and has served the industry well enough for several years. Moreover, it is a viable bus and protocol where installations require limited bandwidth and limited address space on the bus. However, modern avionics architecture demands more bandwidth, more address space, and greater flexibility than what the ARINC 429 can deliver (Keller 2010). ARINC 629 ARINC 629 is a 2-megabit-per-second databus that is borne from the MIL-STD-1553 technology. The conversion into an ARINC 629-type of bus topology strongly supported the move in the aviation industry to greater degrees of integration within the full systems throughout the avionics and the aircraft systems. The launch of ARINC 629 was set up on the highly-advanced architecture of the Boeing 777 double-engine jumbo jetliner. After its launch, the databus started as a Boeing invention known as Digital Autonomous Terminal Access Communications (DATAC). In comparison to ARINC 429, 629 is a completely different model altogether. It is bi-directional and does not need the master, which has been a potential single point of failure in 429. Although it is a sporty technology, it is still expensive. Additionally, ARINC 629 is far more cognate to 1553 than the ARINC 429, which has bi-directional flow of data (Keller 2010). One of the most attractive aspects of ARINC 629 was the bus efficiency, or rather the ratio of actual data transmitted by the bus to the routing overhead code. ARINC 429 has an efficiency of nearly 45 percent; however, with ARINC 629 efficiency can reach up to 85 percent if the bus is architected right. Furthermore, as compared to 429, ARINC 629 is a bus without connectors. In the ARINC 629 a twisted pair of wires is fed across the bus coupler that behaves like a transformer. Nonetheless, it was the price of the bus that got designers in a dilemma about the usage of ARINC 629. Although, ARINC 629 was more reliable, but it was much costlier than what the designers had actually thought (Keller 2010). Cost concerns, a lack of large new commercial aircraft projects when Boeing developed the 777, and the increasing popularity of Ethernet networking technology blended together to halt implementation of the ARINC 629 after the 777. ARINC 629 is heavy and expensive to implement. Future Fiber optics is anticipated to have a better future in military aviation industry. It exclusively provides high bandwidth, immunity against electromagnetic interference, and is light weight. Optical fiber was deployed on the AV-8B several years ago; it is used across the F/A-18E/F including several other aircrafts, and is likely to be fielded at a higher degree in coming years. However, before fiber-based applications in intense aviation environment can proliferate, a couple of standards are required in component, training, testing and other areas. Techniques such as WDM, short for wavelength division multiplexing, might dramatically increase the throughput and lower the footprint needed today for analog and digital data communications, beyond the immediate horizon (Keller 2010) (Sullivan Curt 2003). Fiber optic standardization within the aerospace sector leaves out something to be desired. Unfortunately, there are no standards for: The method for computing link loss power budgets The geometrics of critical parts like the end faces of optical fiber cable terminations, and Training military aviation personnel and technicians in the handling of optical fiber There has been a consensus for standardization. Operating with the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), NAVAIR, short for Naval Air Systems Command, avionic companies, airframers and components suppliers have put extreme efforts in developing training standards and components to enhance the supportability of current systems, and to cover various emerging technologies. In essence, fiber optics has been a corporate initiative within NAVAIR, holding its base in the commands Avionics Division instead of a particular program office (Adams 2005). Fiber optic technology has evolved at the major contractor or airframer level, in military aviation, as stated by researchers, engineers, personnel, and F/A-18 fiber optic experts with PMA 265 at NAVAIR. Fiber optics avionics components standardization will greatly assist in eliminating ambiguities and allowing test and inspection of equipments in order to sufficiently cover the technology fielded today (Adams 2005) (Sullivan Curt 2003). JELLI JELLI is an SAE group that is developing performance standards for the initial test and inspection processes of avionics fiber optic assemblies. JELLI is short for jumpers, endfaces, link loss and inspection; i.e. the processes and components used in optical networks. They are supported by the following definitions: Jumpers: The cables that are utilized in testing the overall optical performance of the fiber optic cables after installation. Endface: This is the polished end of the high-precision ceramic cap of the fiber optic termination that enables optical coupling. Link Loss: It is the attenuation of the signal, primarily from connector loss, and Inspection: It involves the examination of a cable installation in order to verify its performance. Different polish standards are required to apply to the physical vs. non-contact connections. However, within those areas, everyone should satisfy a termination endface range for that kind of polish. The cleanness of the endface is another important parameter. Test jumpers have endfaces and their polish requirements must match the component being installed within the aircraft. The test jumpers fail work on the airplane without such as standard (Adams 2005). Furthermore, standards for components like endfaces are essential to eliminate subjectivity on the engineering side. Additionally, it is mainly important since aircrafts with fiber optic systems have been launched in order to set up a baseline for the avionics technicians, and to instruct them on what exactly a good connector endface. In essence, work on inspection involves the magnification and several other criteria required of the equipment that is used for examining the termination endfaces and detect damages. For instance, tiny char

The Themes of Faulkners Absalom! Absalom! Essay -- Absalom! Absalom!

The Themes of Faulkner's Absalom! Absalom! The theme of Absalom! Absalom! is the connectedness of humanity and the power of illusion vs. truth. In order to really translate these entities to the reader Faulkner uses the form of stream-of-consciousness. In this style of metaphorical writing one thing can lead you to all things, and vice versa. This is the form of the novel. One can compare this work to a gothic novel, to a Greek tragedy, to an entire metaphor for the situation of the South in itself, but the content is mainly giving us a metaphor for the connectedness of humans. He gives us truth wrapped in subjective interpretation, based on half-baked memories and cut up pieces of time and space. Faulkner's use of confusion, narration shifts, and generally chaotic style give us a form that makes us work for control of it. Unlike Hemmingway, who pounds you with inane generalities and dialogue, Faulkner suspends us from the text, and then slowly builds again drawing us in again from a different angle, a different aspect of the same story. As we traverse the sporadic and courageous landscape of the human mind we are dragged into the maybes, perhaps, and could have beens that are sometimes more true than the stark, strange reality that hits us straight in the face. The passage on the bottom of page 210 reads, â€Å"Yes. Maybe we are both Father.   Maybe nothing ever happens once and is finished.   Maybe happen is never once but like ripples maybe on water after the pebble sinks, the ripples moving on, spreading, the pool attached by a narrow umbilical water-cord to the next pool which the first pool feeds, has fed, did feed, let this second pool contain a different temperature of water, a different molecularity of having se... ...t the truth would even mean, considering who was left to even care. This is the ebb and flow of the mind, the heart, the will; the movement of consciousness as it becomes memory, desperately trying to piece together a long forgotten truth that has now become a burning mystery set in the very being of existence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Faulkner uses these tactics of piecemealing, shuffling, circular arrangement, narrator shifts, and stream-of-consciousness to put the reader in the shoes of the Everyhuman, the tie that bind us to each other, to all things, one fading as another rises, rising and fading together always already. He shows us truth is an elusive chimera, never able to be pinned down for showcasing in all its realness. Only the fragments of the broken mirror of truth can be pieced together through memory and will, and perhaps with courage and a bit of shrewdness.

Outline for Dissociation and the Drama of Nothing Essay

This part can be used to introduce the whole concept of the paper. This can be the part where trauma and can be defined, as well as descriptions about dissociation. Facts such as statistics, diagnosis, and treatment can be mentioned here. The Drama of Nothing This section explains the concept involved in the treatment process of the dissociated person. This is a good place to put related literature and studies of how effective using scripts and enactments can bring out the trauma that is dissociated by the client. The Conversational Model This includes the description of the conversational model and how this model can be effective in the dissociation case of the client. Nothing to Be Done The script can be written and described here. Trauma Theory This section can be used as the theoretical framework of the paper, where the theory on trauma can be discussed and how it applies to the paper and to dissociation. The Unnamable This will involve the process of the treatment of the client, as well as the step by step procedure of the treatment. It may also discuss how the theory and the model are incorporated in the play. Conclusion This will consists of the conclusions and the generalizations regarding the topic discussed.

The Safety Man Cometh

The Safety Man Cometh Article Critique The Safety Man Cometh From the article, Safety Man Cometh by Mundy, the author described discussed various health and safety concerns existing in the company, which posed great danger to stakeholders including employees, owners, companies and the industry. The safety and health concerns are apparent as the author indicates the company did not have a formal safety and health plan to ensure safety in the construction process.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Safety Man Cometh specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Over time, the company had avoided inspection and potential hefty penalties. New employees received no or little training on safety matters and most jobs had no provisions for fall protections in spite of constructors working above the required heights. There was no PPE required unless contractor needed it, which posed major health concerns (Mundy, 2003). Worse still, Mundy revealed that the company did not adopt employee training on first aid to help victims in case of accidents (Mundy, 2003). It is important for organizations across the world to effect measures of helping workers at times of work-related accidents, which could negatively impact employees and the performance outcomes of firms. With the poor safety and health conditions, the company and employees stood in great danger because of detrimental implication of accidents and the resulting fines. Indeed, various injuries to employees often bore heavily on the company as they had to deal with insurance woes. Employees suffered from injuries such as sprains, cuts, broken bones and burns. Employees suffering from safety and health irresponsibility caused a lot in form of compensation, treatment and lost working time. Overall, the author portrays a company working under the major risks in construction including falling, strikes from falling objects, rough material, heavy loads moving, loud noise, slips an d trips among other dangers (Mundy, 2003). The article is precise in highlighting the deplorable safety and health conditions existing in the company, which could be very costly for both the company and its employees (Lingard Rowlinson, 2005). Following the change of ownership in the company, the new management introduced several healthy and safety initiatives through systematic management of health and safety issues in the company. Through the new initiatives the company implemented mechanisms to facilitate identification of hazards, operational guidelines, performance, and standards procedures.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The initiatives aimed at reducing risks for injury and the associated insurance costs, which affected the company’s competitiveness in the industry (Mundy, 2003). For effective implementation of the safety initiatives, the new owner hired a full time manager, with sufficient roofing experience to oversee the process. OSHA regulations and policies provided the framework for the new initiatives (Reese Eidson, 2006). Major areas of focus for success were changing employee attitudes through cultural change, implementation of fall protection, safety training for employees, and improvement of record keeping. In the new initiatives, the company complied with OSHA standards, which provides ways for systematic management of safety and health in the workplace. The design of constructions was affected by the new initiatives, as constructors, designers and other actors in the company had to consider safety and health issues in the actual construction, repair, or demolition of structures. Through the hazard, profiles in the new initiatives facilitated the identification of common hazards related to the roofing activities including the possible measures to ensure safe performing of tasks. The profiles also covere d training of the involved stakeholders. Safety measurement was an important way of ensuring standard performance of tasks and improvement of awareness on health and safety issues in the workplace. Supervisors were major stakeholders in the new initiatives as they had to ensure compliance with standard operations in daily activities. Overall, OSHA regulations and policies formed the basis of the new initiatives, which resulted in major improvements in the construction company (Reese Eidson, 2006). In fact, many firms to improve their performances through the adoption of the OSHA regulations and policies.. From the information discussed about the â€Å"safety man† and Mundy, the safety engineer, there is similarity in terms of the position description, which entails ensuring safety in the company. However, the roles are dissimilar because while the safety man focussed more on the aftermath of an accident, Mundy, as a safety engineer focused more on the prevention aspect throu gh compliance with health and safety standards. The safety man focused providing effective reporting of accidents to guide insurance companies in compensation while the safety engineer focused on ensuring the company reduces insurance costs through elimination of workplace safety risks.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Safety Man Cometh specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The position of the safety man was mostly meant for people who had suffered injuries as a way of avoiding compensation while the safety engineer was appointed to supervise implementation of safety and healthy requirements in the company. The safety engineer had adequate educational qualification and undertook continuous training to increase knowledge on workplace safety while the safety man had limited information other than the actual accident. Another unique aspect that could be noted is that the safety man was gender specific while th e safety engineer’s position did not consider one’s gender (Mundy, 2003). This could have negatively impacted the performance of the organization. References Lingard, H., Rowlinson, S. M. (2005). Occupational health and safety in construction project management. London, United Kingdom: Spon Press. Mundy, R. D. (2003). The Safety Man Cometh; Improving the perception of Safety in the Roofing Industry. Professional Safety Journal, 48(12), 1-151. Reese, C. D., Eidson, J. V. (2006). Handbook of OSHA construction safety and health (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC/Taylor Francis.

Financial ratio Essays

Financial ratio Essays Financial ratio Essay Financial ratio Essay You have been asked to identify a range of sources of finance available to Fort Sport Ltd. These can include raising funds through a combination of finance areas. Please identify at least three sources. Fort Sport Ltd is a small private company who began trading in April 2013. The company supplies fitness products online to the public and specializing in mid range sporting goods and equipment. In 2014, it wishes to increase Its activity in the market and as such need to identify a variety of options for finance. As a manager of the Fort Ltd I have to consider the available options to enhance our company to be able to reach our goals to expand our activities and increase income generated by new products, and new marketing projects. Have to identify at least 3 possible sources of financing for our company. Here, I need to make a note that there is a company called The Beneath Group and they would be interested to invest into Fort Sports Ltd, however we also need to do research and analysis to explore the costs in such an investment, and also focus on market research regarding internet related businesses that is expected to grow throughout in the I-J and also world wide. If all these above mentioned points could meet and satisfy both sides the decision can be made for an agreement of an investment by The Beneath Group that is based on facts by our research. : As our company the Fort Sport Ltd is a small company it identifies as SAME or Small or Medium Enterprise. Therefore, our finance opportunities are limited to the options for Games. However, there are still many available financing options to small and medium businesses. SAME in definition Just to clarify what is an SAME I point out that a company with less than 500 employees that will be described as SAME. Other definitions for small businesses: Micro enterprises: those with between one and nine employees Small enterprises: those with ten to 99 employees Medium enterprises: those with 100-499 employees There are two type of findings available for business: -Short term finances -Long term finances It depends on how big is the business and so will be decided what finance source will be used, for a small business its different than for a large corporation. Short-term finances typically finance available for less than year: -Bank overdraft -Bank loans (Short term) -Loans from family and friends Trade credits -Leasing of assets (short or medium term) Eng-term finances typically finance available for more than a year: -Bank borrowings for long term -Secured bank loan on the property or shared capitals -Mortgages on the property -Grants and loans from other organizations or government -Venture capital Finance sources available for Fort Sport Ltd according to my research as lining manager: Option Number 1. The Blue Chip Investments There is an option to get investment from larger companies, especially with the time of new advanced technologies. The hope for a larger profit income is ore certain due to some real success-stories from the last few years, thanks to the constantly growing possibilities over the Internet. Although, the bulk of their investment portfolio is in large steady companies known as blue chips, they often invest in Seems in order to provide a more balanced range of investments, which have potential for higher growth. But this option only recommend to the executives if we have a larger future plan for example a new online sale project that expands to abroad globally. It is require serious planning and a reliable strategy with calculated financial growth. Option Number 2. Small Loans, Bank Loans, Private Loans, Family Loans Based on the numbers seen below consider our company rather small and therefore I would also keep more simple financing options that might be available for Fort Sport Ltd such as Bank Loans and Private or Family Loans. To take too big steps at the time is risky so I would rather recommend one small step at the time and step by step slowly but surely reach our goals. It is probably more suitable for the owners too, as it is a family owned business and to get a large corporation Or Founding Agency involved into the business s a risk that they might as well send a CEO to supervise their investment and the direction of the Fort Sport Ltd. s business strategy would also be at risk to change in the favor of the new investors, and it might not make happy the original owners, the family. Assets Fixed Assets 10000 Accumulated Depreciation 1000 Total Fixed Assets 9000 Current Assets Stock 2500 Debtors 1500 Bank 12500 Total Current Assets 16500 Total Assets Liabilities 25,500 Creditors 3000 Loan 2000 Credit card 750 Total Liabilities 5750 Total Assets Liabilities Equity 19750 Capital Retained Profit 16250 Total Equity 1 8250 Option Number 3. MOB as a Management Buy Out believe Fort Sport Ltd is still small company to get into the stock exchange market, and I will look further options to get the necessary financing from other sources. I would not risk a Bobs in other words a Boy Outs from a larger organization as keep that option for the time only when the Fort Sport Ltd as a company fails to produce income growth and would get into a financial crisis. However, an MOB (Management Buy Out is still a considerable opportunity to get financed and also get our Management more involved into the business and the future of the Fort Sport Ltd. As it is a well known fact that if employees of a firm or company are shareholders then they share a mutual interest with the owners to make the company successful. I believe this is a good way of financing Of the Fort Sport Ltd. Over the years it produced a significant growth and reached to a stage where more funding sources must be considered to be able to continue to be successful on the market. To clarify what does an MOB means: Management Buy Outs (Mobs) has led to the search for better ways of financing Games. This is where the management of the business is given the opportunity to buy ownership and matron of a firm, in the hope they can improve the productivity of the business. Option Number 4. Investment from another company It is to accept the offer for investment from the Beneath Group, which is a company that showed interest to invest into the Fort Sport Ltd. I am as a Manager of the Fort Sport Ltd would be interested about such an arrangements but it needs to be analyses first what is the cost of this kind of agreement for us and also investigate what do we benefit from such a contract and what is against it. Important to see the positive and negative effects of this arrangement for the future of our company the Fort Sport Ltd. Ownership percentages, etc. Option Number 5. Combined financial sources Me personally think this would be the best solution for financing the F-rotor Sport Ltd for the future as we are still not big enough as business to get financed according to a large companies opportunities, such as Stock Market, etc. We still need to be more realistic as our current fixed assets are not enough to secure us a long-term loan from a Bank for example, so we need to look for Private Investors, maybe groups such as The Beneath Group and also for loans fixed by family and friends, employees and maybe to combine these two elements would bring us the best results. To accept a smaller % investment from the Beneath Group in return they will get a smaller part in % of the ownership in the Fort Sport Ltd and as well as the loans from family members, private investors, employees, managers would be offered a chance for become an owner in part of the business of the Fort Sport Ltd. These type of financing nowadays are getting more popular as the company do not rely on a Bank entirely or another Finance Management Group instead deals with TTS own financing behind closed doors with the employees, managers and family members whos becoming a shareholder of the company. Conclusion And if the help available from an outside entity such as Besom Gregory who manages SAME to get the best finances available for them and ensure the best growth then would definitely get into such a partnership too, to find our best finance solutions! 1. 2 What are the legal, financial and dilution of control implications (percentage ownerships) and a risk of bankruptcy? 1 . In the area of Financing -? Funds are procured from long-term sources as well as short-term sources. Long-term funds may be made available by owners, shareholders, lenders through issue of debentures / bonds, from financial institutions, banks and public at large. Short-term funds may be procured from commercial banks, suppliers of goods, public deposits etc. The finance manager has to decide on optimum capital structure with a view to maximize shareholders wealth. Financial leverage or trading on equity is an important method by which return to shareholders can be increased. . For evaluating capital expenditure (investment) decisions, a finance manager uses various methods such as average rate of return, payback, maternal rate of return, net present value and profitability index. 3. In the area of working capital management there are various methods for efficient utilization of current resources at the disposal of the firm, thus increasing profitability. The centralized method of cash management is considered a better method of managing liquid resources of the firm. 4. In the area of dividend decision, a firm is faced with the problem of declaring dividend or postponing dividend declaration, a problem of internal financing. There are tools to tackle such situation. 5. For the evaluation of a firms performance there are different methods. For example, ratio analysis is a popular technique to evaluate different aspects of a firm. 6. The main concern of the finance manager is to provide adequate funds from the best possible source, at the right time and the minimum cost and to ensure that the funds so acquired are put to best possible use through various methods / techniques are used to determine that funds have been procured from the best possible available services and the funds have been used in the best possible way: Funds flow and cash flow statements and projected financial statements help a lot in this regard. The legal implications are to calculate % of ownership after each investments correctly and officially get investors as shareholders of the company. Partnership with Beneath Group -? with legally correct contract to make it clear what will be the role of the Beneath Group as only investors or they want to become involved in the business of Fort Sport Ltd as active participants of the work -Calculate cost for such actions -Make business strategy planning for the future to set our goals where do we wan t to be from this point a year later Risk of Bankruptcy and profit minimization objective gives rise to a number f problems as below: 1. Profit minimization concept should be considered in relation to risks involved. There is a direct relationship between risk and profit. Many risky propositions yield high profit. Higher the risk, higher is the possibility of profits. If profit minimization is the only goal, then risk factor is altogether ignored. 2. Profit minimization, as an objective does not take into account time pattern of return. Proposal A may give a higher amount of profits compared to proposal B, yet if the returns begin to flow say 10 years later, proposal B may be preferred which may have lower overall profits but the returns flow is ore early and quick. 3. Profit minimization, as an objective is too narrow. It fails to take into account the social considerations as also the obligations to various interests of workers, consumers, society as well as ethical trade practices. Further, most business leaders believe that adoption of ethical standards strengthen their competitive positions. 4. Profits do not necessarily result in cash flows available to the stockholder. Owners receive cash flow in the form of either cash dividends paid to them or proceeds from selling their shares for a higher price than paid initially. Modern Approach The alternative to profit minimization is wealth minimization. This is also known as Value minimization or Net Present Worth (NP) minimization. Value is represented by the market price of the companys equity shares. Prices in the share market at a given point of time, are the result of many factors like general economic outlook, particular outlook if the companies under consideration, technical factors and even mass psychology. However taken on a long-term basis, the share market prices of a companys shares do reflect the value, which the various parties put on a company. Normally, the value is a function of two factors: The likely rate of earnings per share of a company (PEPS) and The capitalization rate PEPS are calculated by dividing the periods total earnings available for the firms common shares by the number of shares of common shares outstanding. The likely rate of Earnings Per Share (PEPS) depends on the assessment as to how profitably a company is going to operate in the future. The capitalization rate reflects the liking of the investors for a company. If the company earns a higher rate of earning per share through risky operations or sky financing pattern, the investors will not look upon its shares with favor. To that extent, the market value of the shares of such a company will be low. If a company invests its fund in risky ventures, the investors will put in their money if they get higher return as compared to that from a low risk share. The market value of a firm is a function of the earning per share and the capitalization rate. The important issues relating to maximizing share prices are Economic Value Added (EVA) and the focus on stakeholders. Economic Value Added (EVA) is a popular measure used by many firms to determine whether an investment proposed or existing contribute positively to the owners wealth. EVA is calculated by subtracting, the cost of funds used to finance or investment from its after-tax-operations profits. Stakeholders are group such as employees, customers, suppliers, creditors, owners and others who have a direct economic link to the firm. A firm with a stakeholder focus consciously avoids actions that would prove detrimental to stakeholders. The goal is not to maximize stakeholder well being but to preserve it. It is expected to provide long run benefit to shareholders by maintaining positive stakeholder relationships. Such relationship should minimize stakeholder turnover, conflicts and litigation. Clearly, the firm can better achieve its goal of shareholder wealth minimization by maintaining cooperation with other stakeholders rather than having conflict with them. 1. 3 After assessing the possible sources of finance, you must choose a source(s)that would be appropriate for Fort Sport Ltd. You are required to: Evaluate benefits of different sources for Fort Sport Ltd Match term of finance to term of project As above mentioned prefer Option Number 5 (from my answer for question number 1 . ) where we do not give too much power to an outside entity such as an outside investor group as the Beneath Group but still get them involved in a smaller scale and in the same time offer a Percentage of Ownership package for our own managers, employees, families and friendly private investors. In this way the original ownership would not get out of power as they could keep still their ownership even over 50% and the rest could be offered combined to The Beneath Group and employees, etc. The Beneath Group would become as a partner and the risk of bankruptcy would get to the minimum if we get financially involved our employees as well. As earlier stated already if an employee is financially active within the company then it becomes his/her own business interest as well to make our company successful and presumably this will result in strong will among the owners and employees to make the company successful.

Library research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Library research - Essay Example WoK provides bibliographic content as well as online tools for accessing, analyzing and managing information resources, wherein the search function can be perform simultaneously within multiple databases (ISI Web of Knowledge, 2005) Nexis is a Website which offers resources from thousands of news organizations, intelligence reports in the company and industry levels, reference and bibliographic sources, and intellectual property and public records, as well as legislations and regulations filings and legal resources. Information provided by Nexis apply to the accounting, academic, corporate, government, law enforcement, legal and risk management context (LexisNexis UK, 2011). Full text databases are those in which the complete content of the source of information is provided. For example, if the source is a dissertation, the complete material is provided and not just the abstract or a condensed version of the dissertation (Gravetter and Forzano, 2009). A citation database is a repository of bibliographic citations which enables a researcher to locate and get details about a certain work such as author, title, publisher, date, volume number, issue number, and number of pages (Benedictine University, 2006). The factors to be considered when evaluating a Web source include: (1) authoritativeness and authenticity, which may be verified from the URL or the source of information and the credentials of the person / organization publishing the content; (2) reliability of information, where editorial and referencing procedures and the basis of the information are the best validators; (3) content, which may be compared from similar Web pages for notable omissions and other indicators of accuracy of information (Ely and Scott, 2007; Donyai, 2009). As a rule of thumb, if a statement or a fact is not common knowledge, or if the researcher is unsure, it is best to cite the source of the information (Marquez, 2011).

World History since 1945 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

World History since 1945 - Essay Example The doctrine also promised to help Turkey and Greece economically and through military actions against the communists this after Britain announced that they would be withdrawing their support. These countries were to receive $400,000,000 aid. The doctrine contents were justified by the need to help free people in their fight against totalitarian rule which would undermine international peace, and as a result affect the state of security in the United States (Jones 36). The National Security Council Paper NSC-68 was a top secret report meant to confront the treat the hostile design of the Soviet Union had on the USA. The report banned the regeneration of US isolationism arguing that it will result in Soviet Union supremacy of Eurasia, and leave the USA stranded on the western hemisphere, away from its allies and assets need to push away Soviet infringement. Additionally, the report ruled out a deterrent strike against the Soviet Union since it will result in tit-for-tat action that would be devastating to Western Europe. The report also paved way for possible future negotiations with the Soviet Union. In its conclusion, the paper called for massive development of both conventional and nuclear arm in order to prevent the Soviet Union. However, this could only be achieved through increased taxes as well as the reduction of expenditure. The report was widely criticized with the critics arguing that USA already had a significant military edge over the Soviet Union. However, in June 1950 the recommendations were adopted as policy (Jones 72). When Mao took over the leadership of China in 1949, the country was witnessing a lot of problems. For instance, the country had fewer industries, unemployment levels were high, food shortages coupled with increased population. In 1949, 85 percent of chinas population were peasants. Mao